A bird’s eye view of the Blyton Bungalow – an environment-friendly coffee estate stay in Coorg.
Coorg is one of the most popular travel destinations in southern India for nature lovers and adventurers owing to its lush wilderness layered with beautiful hills. It is dotted with several homestays, youth hostels and guest houses for the travellers. Besides these, coffee estates in Coorg are a major attraction as they allow visitors to experience the rich coffee-growing culture of the region. Coffee estate stays in Coorg are perfect for adventurers, coffee lovers, farming and culture enthusiasts. The Blyton Bungalow of the Poomaale Estate is one of the best coffee forest stays in Coorg that offers a key to unlocking unique experiences in this natural paradise.

Nature’s Hospitality at the Blyton Bungalow

Nestled in the heart of the Western Ghats, amidst the 128-acre Poomaale Estate in Coorg, the Blyton Bungalow is an environment-friendly villa with rooms overlooking the coffee forests of the estate. Built with natural and locally-sourced materials, it blends beautifully into the surrounding wilderness. It is part of a landscape teems with several farming, restoration and conservation activities and gives the guests an overview of the same during their stay.

A paradise for nature lovers, this guest house in Coorg offers a variety of activities for visitors, including nature walks, jungle hikes, treks, bonfire nights or simply stargazing! Whether you are looking for a quick weekend getaway, a long rejuvenating work vacation or simply learning about the art of growing coffee, the Blyton Bungalow is the perfect coffee estate stay in Coorg.

Blyton Bungalow – the first look.

The Poomaale Estate

The Poomaale Estate is the first wilderness collective from Beforest located near the town of Kakabe, Coorg amidst the Western Ghats – a Biodiversity Hotspot. Spread across 128 acres, it sits at an elevation of 1040 metres with a landscape full of flowing freshwater streams, rolling Shola grasslands, active elephant corridors, coffee forests and wilderness trails that connect to the larger forest ecosystems of the region. The estate is also home to abundant wildlife including big cats, small-clawed otters, snakes (especially the big four Indian snakes), birds, bat colonies and an amazing array of endemic species.

Approximately half of the estate is left as a low-intervention tropical rainforest. The food production and housing activities are consciously restricted to the other half. This is keeping in mind the sensitive nature of the landscape that we occupy and its importance in terms of water security to the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
Whether you are a traveller, nature explorer, bird watcher or photographer, the Poomaale Estate is sure to be on your list of must-visit spots when looking for a coffee estate stay experience in Coorg.

The Architecture of the Blyton Bungalow

The design of this guesthouse in Coorg was inspired by the architecture of the traditional Kodava style Ainmanes which are the ancestral homes of the Kodava people (natives of Coorg). Ainmanes are characterised by a common plinth that connects the rest of the building’s living units, leaving the whole built structure free-flowing, well lit and ventilated – something that breathes!

View of the central courtyard as soon as you enter the Blyton Bungalow.

Blyton Bungalow is a 6-bedroom guest house, with 2 family suites and 4 double occupancy rooms. Room 5, which has an internal mezzanine floor, seems to be the favourite of kids! These rooms are tucked in cosily within a bunch of indoor and outdoor common spaces like balconies, sit-outs, courtyards and front yards. The walls of the entire structure are built with locally available laterite stones, an iconic element of the architecture of this region. The roof is typically sloped due to heavy rainfall, and covered with classic Mangalore tiles – another locally sourced material which is functional as well as aesthetically pleasing.

While the rooms offer a personal haven for visitors, common spaces are equally loved. The outdoor activity platform – a multipurpose space for events and gatherings – seems to be the favourite of guests so far. Right next to it is a dedicated space for bonfire nights – a fun way to bond with fellow travellers. All in all, a wholesome stay when you visit Coorg!

Room 5 – one of the two Family Suites at the Blyton Bungalow.

A Coffee Forest Experience

The Poomaale Estate spills the coffee vibe right from the get-go! It is a perfect stay in Coorg not just for nature lovers but also for coffee lovers. This rainforest of the Western Ghats extends into the wilderness zone of The Poomaale Estate and is a great example of a rainforest thriving in tandem with a coffee plantation. This is largely due to the plantation having lots of fruit trees and native plants like peppers (especially the endemic and ancient black pepper), spices, oranges, cardamom, mangoes, figs, and avocadoes, interspersed across the estate.

Coffea Canephora in full bloom in January 2023 at the Poomaale Estate.

Coffee growing is one of the main farming activities at the estate. No matter what time of the year you go, you can experience the growing coffee pass through a new milestone on its way to maturity. And if you go just at the right time you may get a chance to participate in the harvesting activities during your visit too! Visitors can even get a taste of the wildly grown coffee at the stay and learn about how it is grown too. 

Walk the Path of a Naturalist

Nature walks are one of the most common and loved activities at the estate. Once you’ve stepped into Poomaale the naturalist in you automatically takes charge. We have had guests’ fear of unknown creatures turn into curiosity, and kids who scurried away from bugs start to observe them. People also try to recognise the birds with their calls and always connect the newfound pieces of knowledge with their existing ones to understand nature a little better.

Naturalists spot species from the bridge of the Poomaale Estate.

Our in-house naturalist at Blyton Bungalow, Albin, accompanies guests during nature walks and makes sure they slow down to not miss out on interesting things that unfold in front of us that we often overlook.

An Explorer’s Delight

Visitors trekking to the Shola grasslands at the Poomaale Estate, Coorg.

Being connected to a diverse landscape, the Blyton Bungalow is the perfect station for the adventurer in you. You can go for numerous hikes and treks around the estate (Tadianmol, Nalaknad Palace, Iguthappa Temple and more), cycle in Naladi village, forage for meals in and around the farm with guidance from Blyton’s cook Ravi, learn how natural farming is applied on large scale, go bird-watching and indulge in some nature photography, trek to the waterfalls and take a dip in the fresh streams – the activities are endless! Your visit to the Blyton Bungalow is as adventurous as you make it.

Events at the Blyton Bungalow

A coffee estate stay in the lush hills of Coorg calls for a variety of events involving time with nature and exploring yourself with it. The Blyton Bungalow recently hosted two beautiful events – A Classical Hatha Yoga Retreat by Usha Murthyneni (a Beforest Member) and Astrophotography Workshop by Prathamesh Jaju. If you are planning to visit the Blyton Bungalow, perhaps syncing it with one of the upcoming events is a good way to make the most of your time here and connect with a diverse group of travellers in the lap of nature.

An outdoor yoga session during the Classical Hatha Yoga Retreat at the Blyton Bungalow (from 7th – 9th April). It was led by Usha Murthyneni, founder of Hatam and member of the Hyderabad Farming Collective of Beforest.

The Blyton Team

Hospitality is personalised for all the guests of the Blyton Bungalow. Right from the meals to the outdoor activities, the team at Blyton makes sure to gauge a visitor’s interest and encourage them to participate in activities that they would remember for a lifetime!

Blyton Bungalow’s cook Ravi harvests herbs from the vegetable patches of the Poomaale Estate.

The hospitality manager, Swati, ensures all the guests are well taken care of during their stay. The house cook, Ravi, who is an expert in local foraging, prepares meals with utmost love, dedication and simplicity that takes us back home right in the thick of the forests. The caretakers, Brijmohan and Suman, make sure you have a comfortable stay by ensuring you have everything you need. The naturalist, Albin, guides you through the wild side of the Poomaale estate with nature walks.

The entire staff underwent training in terms of planning meals and experiences and maintaining the balance that is needed to run a coffee estate stay in Coorg that is heavily inclined towards sustainable living. Nothing gives them more joy than knowing that the guests had a good time during their stay, and that is what motivates them to keep doing the good work that they do every day.

A Day at a Coffee Estate Stay in Coorg

The day at the Blyton Bungalow undoubtedly starts with the sweet morning call of the Malabar whistling thrush followed by an early bird-watching session with the naturalist. Post the walk, the guests enjoy a hearty breakfast prepared in the common dining area. The guests are then free to go around the estate and explore the landscape or the various farming activities. If you are lucky you can even spot the endangered and endemic Nilgiri marten in the vicinity of the Bungalow, a sighting that a few of our guests were fortunate enough to experience. 

A local Coorg dinner made by Ravi, the cook at Blyton Bungalow.

The exploration is halted by a wholesome lunch, followed by another nature walk or trek, depending on the interests of the guests. Evenings are quite beautiful with guests interacting over barbeque and bonfire, evening coffee or indoor board games at the bungalow. 

Best Time to Visit the Blyton Bungalow

Well, the perfect time is always, and never. There are always mystical things unfolding in the wilderness of the Western Ghats and it is just not possible to soak it all up in a single visit. The best time depends on the activities you are most inclined to be a part of. January & February are perfect to watch the Canephora coffee (Robusta coffee) growing here in full bloom and even take part in harvesting activities. Waterfall views are the best post the heavy Coorg rains – from October onwards. As for bird watching and biodiversity spotting, it is ideal to research the best timings and plan your trip accordingly.

During the peak monsoon (July & August), the activities come to a halt in Coorg. But if you are someone who wants to experience the famed Coorg rains, you can visit the Bungalow during those months.

The Way Towards a Forest-friendly Stay

We share this Earth with every living creature and it is with gratitude and humility, we carry out our work at each of our Collectives. Beforest Collectives, such as the Poomaale Estate in Coorg, are safe havens for wildlife, with minimal human footprint and we would like to keep it that way. 

Sustainability is at the heart of all the Beforest Collectives and that translates to this unique coffee estate stay experience in the Blyton Bungalow as well. Leaving the place better than you find it is one of the key efforts in the purview of sustainable travel and hospitality and visitors who resonate with this philosophy make our perfect guests. If you are someone trying to move towards a more slow, minimal and sustainable lifestyle, a stay at the Blyton Bungalow can give you a glimpse of it. 

A Giant Wood Spider weaving a golden orb web in the forests of the Poomaale Estate in Coorg.

We would love for you to unwind and experience nature in all its glory here at the Poomaale’s Blyton Bungalow. A few simple rules and things to note during your stay will be communicated to you in detail before your visit, which will ensure that you as well as the forest you will be visiting have a pleasant experience during your stay. 

If you wish to experience a coffee estate stay in Coorg, fill out this form to request a stay and check availability at the Blyton Bungalow at the Poomaale Estate. The team will guide you through the packing list, things to note and how to reach the estate and are always happy to assist you with any other activities or ideas you may have while you are at the estate.

To know more about the activities at the Blyton Bungalow and the farming collectives of Beforest, join our communities on Instagram.

Adding support to the paddy crop post a heavy rain at the Hyderabad Farming Collective.

When you think of grass, your mind may automatically wander to the scenic imagery of the savannas, or the feeling of calm when walking barefoot in a park. But did you know that the food we eat on a daily basis comes from the same grasses too? Grasslands have a range we simply can’t fathom. Some exist to drive an ecosystem to maturity (like those that drive ecological succession), some provide a home for forest creatures both big and small and some are a nutritious source of food for many animals, including humans.

Below are some widely cultivated crops that are basically grasslands!

1. Rice

Rice is a staple crop cultivated worldwide, primarily in Asia, and is a fundamental component of global food security. It refers to the grains of the grass species Oryza sativa or Oryza glaberrima, which are cultivated in flooded fields called paddy fields. Rice is a vital source of nutrition and calories for a significant portion of the world’s population, particularly in Asian countries. It is consumed in various forms such as boiled rice, rice flour, rice noodles, and rice bran oil. Rice serves as a dietary staple and is a versatile ingredient in a wide range of dishes. Its high carbohydrate content, along with essential vitamins and minerals, makes it an important food source, providing energy and sustenance to millions of people globally.

2. Wheat

Wheat is a major cereal crop cultivated globally and plays a crucial role in the human diet. It refers to the grains of several species of the Triticum genus, with the most common being Triticum aestivum. Wheat is a cool-season crop that thrives in temperate regions. It is widely used for its versatile applications in food production, such as making flour for bread, pasta, pastries, and other baked goods. Wheat consumption is widespread worldwide, with bread being a dietary staple in many cultures. It is a significant source of dietary fiber, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. The adaptability of wheat to various climates and its high yield potential make it a vital crop, ensuring food security and providing nourishment to populations around the globe.

3. Corn

Corn, also known as maize, is a widely cultivated cereal crop with significant global consumption. It belongs to the Zea mays species and is characterized by its distinctive kernels arranged in rows on a cob. Corn is a versatile crop used for various purposes. Its consumption is widespread worldwide, both as a staple food and as a raw material in industries. Corn is a vital component in human diets, serving as a source of carbohydrates, dietary fibre, and essential nutrients. It is consumed in diverse forms, including whole kernels, cornmeal, corn flour, and cornstarch. Additionally, corn is used extensively in animal feed production, ethanol production, food processing, and as a raw material for numerous industrial products such as biofuels, sweeteners, and bioplastics. The broad range of uses and its widespread cultivation make corn a crucial crop with a significant impact on global food and industrial systems.

4. Millet

Millet is a group of small-seeded grasses cultivated as a food crop worldwide. Various species of millet are grown, including pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), finger millet (Eleusine coracana), foxtail millet (Setaria italica), and proso millet (Panicum miliaceum). Millet is particularly important in regions with semi-arid and arid climates, where it thrives in harsh conditions with minimal water requirements. It is a staple crop in many parts of Africa and Asia, providing a source of carbohydrates, proteins, and essential nutrients. Millet grains can be ground into flour, used as whole grains in porridges, cooked as a side dish, or used in the production of baked goods. Millet consumption is diverse and varies across cultures, where it is utilized in traditional dishes and modern food products. With its nutritional value, adaptability to challenging environments, and gluten-free nature, millet plays a vital role in global food security and the diets of millions of people worldwide.

5. Oats

Oats are a cereal crop cultivated globally and are widely consumed worldwide. They are derived from the Avena sativa plant species and are known for their nutritious and versatile nature. Oats are primarily grown as a grain crop, with the harvested grains used in various forms. They are commonly processed into rolled oats or oatmeal, which are widely consumed as a popular breakfast cereal. Oats can also be ground into flour and used in baking, or included in granola bars, cookies, and other baked goods. Oats are valued for their high fibre content, providing dietary fibre that aids in digestion and contributes to overall health. They are also a good source of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Oats are favoured for their heart-healthy properties and are recognized as a beneficial addition to a balanced diet. The consumption of oats continues to increase due to their nutritional benefits and culinary versatility.

6. Sorghum

Sorghum is a versatile crop cultivated worldwide and is known for its various uses and consumption. It belongs to the Sorghum bicolour species and is grown for both human and animal consumption. Sorghum is a resilient crop that can tolerate drought, making it well-suited for arid and semi-arid regions. It is used for different purposes such as grain production, fodder for livestock, and industrial applications. In terms of human consumption, sorghum grains can be ground into flour and used in the production of porridges, flatbreads, and other food products. It is also processed into various forms, including whole grains, popped sorghum, and sorghum syrup. In addition to direct consumption, sorghum is used as animal feed due to its high nutritional value. Furthermore, sorghum has industrial applications such as ethanol production, biofuels, and the manufacturing of biodegradable packaging. Its diverse uses, nutritional benefits, and adaptability contribute to its consumption and cultivation worldwide.

7. Sugarcane

Sugarcane is a tall perennial grass of the Saccharum officinarum species, widely cultivated for its sweet juice and high sugar content. It is a globally important crop and a primary source of sugar production. Sugarcane is primarily grown in tropical and subtropical regions due to its preference for warm temperatures and abundant rainfall. The crop is harvested by cutting the mature canes, which are then processed to extract the juice. This juice is then used to produce various forms of sugar, including granulated sugar, brown sugar, and molasses. Apart from its use in sweetening food and beverages, sugarcane also serves as a feedstock for ethanol production, a renewable biofuel. Sugarcane consumption is widespread worldwide, with sugar being a common ingredient in a wide array of food and beverage products. It provides sweetness, flavour, and texture to a diverse range of culinary creations. The global demand for sugar and its derivatives ensures the continued cultivation and consumption of sugarcane on a significant scale.

8. Bamboo

Bamboo is a versatile crop that belongs to the Bambusoideae subfamily of grasses and is widely cultivated worldwide. It is recognized for its rapid growth, strength, and diverse applications. Bamboo is consumed in several forms across different cultures. As a food source, young bamboo shoots are harvested and used in various culinary preparations. These shoots are nutritious, tender, and commonly featured in stir-fries, salads, and soups. Additionally, bamboo leaves are sometimes used for wrapping food or imparting flavour during cooking. Beyond its consumption as food, bamboo has extensive industrial applications. Its sturdy and flexible nature makes it suitable for construction, furniture production, flooring, and paper manufacturing. Bamboo fibre is also utilized in textiles, while bamboo charcoal is used for purification and skincare products. The global consumption of bamboo highlights its importance as a sustainable and renewable resource, contributing to both livelihoods and environmental conservation.

9. Lemongrass

Lemongrass is a perennial grass belonging to the Cymbopogon genus, primarily known for its distinct lemon-like fragrance and flavour. It is cultivated and consumed worldwide for culinary and medicinal purposes. Lemongrass is highly valued for its aromatic and citrusy qualities, which enhance the flavour of various dishes, teas, and beverages. The tender lower portion of the stalks, often referred to as the bulb or base, is commonly used in cooking, while the leaves are used for making refreshing herbal teas and infusions. Lemongrass is a key ingredient in many Asian cuisines, including Thai, Vietnamese, and Indonesian dishes. Besides its culinary applications, lemongrass is also recognized for its potential health benefits. It is often used in traditional medicine for its calming properties and as a natural remedy for digestive issues, inflammation, and anxiety. Lemongrass consumption worldwide reflects its versatility, unique flavour profile, and potential health benefits.

10. Barley

Barley is an ancient cereal grain cultivated worldwide for its versatile applications. It belongs to the Hordeum genus and is known for its hardy nature and adaptability to various climates. Barley has been consumed by humans for thousands of years and continues to be a significant crop globally. It is primarily used for brewing beer and making malt, playing a crucial role in the brewing industry. Barley grains can also be cooked and used in soups, stews, salads, and as a whole grain ingredient in various dishes. Additionally, barley is used as animal feed for livestock. In terms of nutrition, barley is a good source of dietary fibre, vitamins, and minerals. It is recognized for its potential health benefits, including promoting digestive health and providing sustained energy. The consumption of barley varies across cultures, reflecting its culinary versatility and nutritional value.

Both edible and inedible grasslands are essential for the sustainability of a landscape and we have been learning to grow and manage these ecosystems at our Hyderabad and Coorg Collectives so far. We are growing rice and millets for food security as well as perennial grasses like lemongrass to drive the growth of a food forest; enjoying the natural returns from seasonal grasslands post the monsoon as well as from the evergreen the Shola Grasslands of the Western Ghats. Over the last few years on our journey of building forest-friendly collectives, we have come to realise the importance of these grasslands on a deeper level and grown extremely fond of them too!

View of the farm lake in the dry and hilly Hyderabad Collective.

The Deccan Plateau region of the Indian subcontinent entails a mosaic of natural ecosystems. From the million-year-old rock formations and rainforests to seasonal wonders like wildflower growth, the geographical region is a treasure trove of distinct flora and fauna, intriguing enough to attract any nature lover worldwide. Some of the gems from this treasure chest are the tropical grasslands that have grown and evolved over several years and we are lucky to have their presence in our 132-acre Hyderabad Farming Collective. 

What are Tropical Grasslands?

Tropical grasslands, also known as savannas, are biomes characterized by a mix of grasses and scattered trees or shrubs. They are typically found in tropical regions, primarily in Africa, South America, Australia, and parts of Asia.

Here are some key features of tropical grasslands:

Vegetation: The dominant vegetation in tropical grasslands consists of various grass species, which are adapted to thrive in areas with seasonal rainfall and prolonged dry periods. These grasses are typically tall and coarse, able to withstand drought and periodic fires. In addition to grasses, you can find scattered trees, such as acacias or baobabs, and shrubs.

Climate: Tropical grasslands experience a distinct wet and dry season. They receive moderate to high rainfall during the wet season, allowing the grasses to grow and flourish. However, during the dry season, there is a marked decrease in rainfall, leading to a prolonged drought period.

Biodiversity: Tropical grasslands support a diverse range of wildlife due to the availability of grass for grazing and the presence of scattered trees that provide shelter and nesting sites. Common animals found in tropical grasslands include large herbivores like zebras, wildebeest, and giraffes, as well as predators such as lions, cheetahs, and hyenas. Additionally, various bird species, insects, and reptiles inhabit this biome.

Fire Adaptation: Fire is a natural and essential element of tropical grasslands. The dry season, combined with lightning strikes or human activities, can lead to fires. Many grass species in these regions have evolved to tolerate and even benefit from periodic fires. These fires help control the growth of woody plants and promote the growth of grasses.

Human Influence: Tropical grasslands have been significantly impacted by human activities such as agriculture, grazing, and urbanization. Large areas of savanna have been converted into farmland for crops or grazing land for livestock. This conversion can lead to habitat loss, fragmentation, and potential threats to native wildlife.

In Asia, tropical grasslands are found in parts of India, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia and Indonesia. However, those of the Indian subcontinent are especially unique, resulting in a savanna-like ecosystem that is a product of the terrain, climate and biodiversity. They are called the Deccan Thorn Scrub Forests.

Resilient, Dry & Wild: Deccan Thron Scrub Forests of India

The tropical scrubland forests in India’s Deccan Plateau region are commonly known as “dry deciduous forests” or “Deccan thorn scrub forests.” These forests are characterized by a mix of short, thorny trees, shrubs, and bushes that have adapted to survive in semi-arid and arid conditions. They are found in the drier parts of the Deccan Plateau, which includes parts of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh.

The Deccan Thorn Scrub Forests are not typically characterized by expansive grasslands. Contrary to the image of grasslands, they are predominantly composed of short, thorny trees, shrubs, and bushes, as mentioned earlier. The vegetation in these forests consists of drought-resistant species adapted to survive in semi-arid and arid conditions.

While grasses may be present within the Deccan Thorn Scrub Forests, they usually occur in smaller patches rather than forming extensive grassland areas. These grasses are typically of the short, tufted variety, suited to the dry and arid environment. They play a role in providing forage for herbivores and contribute to the overall biodiversity of the ecosystem. However, the dominant vegetation in this type of forest is the thorny trees and shrubs that have adapted to the prevailing semi-arid conditions.

Characteristics of the Tropical Grasslands of the Deccan Plateau

Vegetation: The dominant vegetation consists of drought-resistant trees and shrubs that shed their leaves during the dry season to conserve water. Thorny species like Acacia, Ziziphus, Prosopis, and Terminalia are commonly found. These trees and shrubs have adaptations such as deep root systems and small, waxy leaves to reduce water loss.

Climate: The Deccan Plateau region experiences a semi-arid to arid climate with distinct wet and dry seasons. The monsoon rains from June to September provide the majority of the annual rainfall, while the rest of the year is characterized by low precipitation. Summers can be hot and dry, with temperatures often exceeding 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit).

Biodiversity: The dry deciduous forests of the Deccan Plateau support a diverse range of plant and animal species. Some common tree species include teak, neem, banyan, and tamarind. Wildlife found in these forests includes deer, antelope, wild boars, monkeys, reptiles, and a variety of bird species. Predators such as leopards and wolves may also inhabit these areas.

Human Influence: The dry deciduous forests of the Deccan Plateau have been significantly impacted by human activities such as agriculture, grazing, and deforestation. Large areas of forest have been cleared for agriculture, leading to habitat loss and fragmentation. Grazing pressure from livestock can also degrade the vegetation and impact the ecosystem’s balance.

Conservation: Efforts are being made to conserve and restore the dry deciduous forests of the Deccan Plateau. Protected areas such as national parks and wildlife sanctuaries have been established to safeguard these ecosystems and their biodiversity. These areas play an essential role in preserving native flora and fauna and promoting ecological balance.

The dry deciduous forests of the Deccan Plateau are ecologically significant and represent a unique ecosystem adapted to the region’s semi-arid climate. However, they face ongoing challenges due to human activities and the need for sustainable management practices to ensure their long-term conservation.

How Can We Preserve the Deccan Scrubland Forests?

Preserving the Deccan scrubland forests, also known as the Deccan Thorn Scrub Forests, requires a combination of conservation measures and sustainable practices. Here are some ways to help preserve these unique ecosystems:

Establish Protected Areas: Creating and effectively managing protected areas, such as national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and conservation reserves, is crucial for the preservation of the Deccan scrubland forests. These areas provide legal protection to the flora, fauna, and habitats, ensuring their long-term conservation.

Implement Sustainable Land Use Practices: Encouraging sustainable land use practices in the surrounding areas is vital for the preservation of the Deccan scrubland forests. This includes promoting sustainable agriculture, adopting responsible grazing practices, and avoiding deforestation and habitat destruction. Practices such as rotational grazing and controlled burning can help maintain the ecological balance and prevent degradation.

Community Engagement and Participation: Involving local communities in conservation efforts is essential. Engaging with local communities, raising awareness about the value of the scrubland forests, and involving them in decision-making processes can foster a sense of ownership and stewardship. This can be achieved through community-based conservation initiatives, promoting sustainable livelihood options, and supporting traditional knowledge and practices that are compatible with conservation.

Combatting Invasive Species: Invasive plant species can threaten the native vegetation of the Deccan scrubland forests. Implementing measures to identify, control, and manage invasive species is crucial for maintaining the ecological integrity of these ecosystems. This can involve early detection and removal of invasive species, promoting the use of native plant species in restoration efforts, and monitoring and managing the spread of invasives.

Research and Monitoring: Conducting research and monitoring programs are important for understanding the dynamics of the Deccan scrubland forests and assessing the effectiveness of conservation efforts. This includes studying the flora and fauna, monitoring ecosystem health, and identifying potential threats. Scientific research can provide valuable insights for informed conservation planning and management.

Collaboration and Partnerships: Collaboration among government agencies, non-governmental organizations, researchers, local communities, and other stakeholders is crucial for the effective preservation of the Deccan scrubland forests. Building partnerships and fostering cooperation can help mobilize resources, share knowledge and expertise, and implement comprehensive conservation strategies.

Preserving the Deccan scrubland forests requires a multi-faceted approach that integrates conservation, sustainable land use, community engagement, research, and collaborative efforts. By implementing these measures, we can work towards ensuring the long-term survival and ecological integrity of these unique and valuable ecosystems. 

At the Hyderabad Farming Collective, we have dappled into many of the above ways of conservation and restoration of these scrubland forests. Starting from land surveys and analyses, expert-led resource management, and sensitive zoning of the landscape to a collaborative approach towards sustainable farming practices, we are on a mission to transform the dry and rocky landscape into a flourishing one, one that comes alive in its full capacity.

The Hyderabad Collective Flourishes with Seasonal Grasslands post the monsoon season.

Grasslands share complex relationships with the elements of a forest.  As with any system that keeps itself together with diversity and resilience, grasslands, too, display a diversity within their type, each holding its place in the ecosystem. They can be as niche and complex as the Shola grasslands of the Western Ghats or as common as park grass. However, they can be broadly divided into 2 categories based on their geographical distribution and the subsequent display of vegetation from the climate patterns. They are Seasonal and Regional Grasslands.

How are Seasonal Grasslands Different from Regional Grasslands?

Seasonal Grasslands:

Seasonal grasslands, also known as temperate grasslands, are characterized by a distinct climate with well-defined seasons. They are typically found in the middle latitudes, away from the coastlines. Examples of seasonal grasslands include the Prairies of North America, the Pampas of South America, the Deccan Plateau Grasslands in India and the Steppes of Eurasia. 

Below are some key features of seasonal grasslands.

Climate: They experience moderate temperature variations throughout the year, with warm summers and cold winters. They often have a continental climate, with relatively low precipitation and distinct wet and dry seasons.

Vegetation: Grasses dominate the landscape, forming dense, tall grasslands. These grasses are well-adapted to periodic droughts and fires. They are often interspersed with a variety of wildflowers and forbs. Trees and shrubs are generally absent or sparse.

Wildlife: Seasonal grasslands support diverse wildlife, including large herbivores like bison, gazelles, and horses, as well as predators such as wolves and big cats. They are also home to many bird species.

Human Impact: Many seasonal grasslands have been converted for agriculture, with crops like wheat and corn replacing the natural grasses. Grazing livestock, such as cattle, are also commonly found in these grasslands.

Regional Grasslands

Regional grasslands, also known as tropical grasslands , are primarily found in tropical and subtropical regions. They differ from seasonal grasslands in terms of climate, vegetation, and wildlife. Examples of regional grasslands include the African savannas, the Cerrado in Brazil, the Deccan Thorn Scrubland Forests & Shola Grasslands of India and the grasslands of Australia. 

Below are some key features of regional grasslands.

Climate: Regional grasslands have a tropical or subtropical climate, with high temperatures year-round. They experience a distinct wet and dry season too, with a prolonged dry period and intermittent rainfall.

Vegetation: Grasses are the dominant vegetation in regional grasslands, similar to seasonal grasslands. However, they are often interspersed with scattered trees and shrubs, forming a park-like landscape. This tree-grass coexistence is known as the savanna biome.

Wildlife: Regional grasslands are home to a diverse array of wildlife, including large herbivores like elephants, giraffes, and antelopes. Predators such as lions, leopards, and hyenas are also commonly found. They support a variety of bird species as well.

Human Impact: Regional grasslands are susceptible to conversion for agriculture, particularly for grazing livestock and commercial crops like soybeans and palm oil. Human activities and habitat fragmentation pose a significant threat to the biodiversity of these ecosystems.

To sum it up, the main difference between seasonal and regional grasslands lies in their geographical distribution, climate patterns, and the presence or absence of trees and shrubs within the grassland ecosystems during or in the presence/absence of the said climatic conditions.

While you may think seasonal grasslands form only in particular seasons, that is not the case. The term “seasonal” in seasonal grasslands refers to the climate and the patterns of rainfall and vegetation growth that these grasslands experience throughout the year. It does not imply that these grasslands are formed or exist only during specific seasons. The vegetation in seasonal grasslands is adapted to the patterns of rainfall.

During the wet season, when rainfall is more abundant, the grasses and other vegetation in seasonal grasslands grow rapidly, becoming lush and green. This is the period of active growth and reproduction for grassland plants. As the dry season approaches, the rainfall decreases, and the grasses gradually dry out and become dormant. The grassland landscape may turn brown or golden during the dry season.

So, while seasonal grasslands exhibit seasonal fluctuations in vegetation growth and colour, they are not formed exclusively in particular seasons. They are persistent ecosystems that undergo cyclic changes in response to seasonal variations in climate and rainfall patterns.

Ecological Importance of Grasslands

Grasslands, both seasonal and regional, are key in driving forest ecosystems through various ecological processes and interactions. Their presence indicates the beginning of ecological succession – the natural method of forest ecosystem formation. But there’s more to these common plants than that. 

Here are some ways grasslands help maintain natural ecosystems:

Fire Ecology: Grasslands are often subject to natural wildfires, and these fires can play a vital role in maintaining the balance between grasslands and forests. Grasslands are typically more fire-prone than forests due to the abundance of dry grasses and low-growing vegetation. These grassland fires prevent the encroachment of trees and shrubs into the grassland areas, thereby maintaining open spaces and preventing the conversion of grasslands into forests. Without periodic fires in grasslands, forests would gradually replace the grassland ecosystems.

Nutrient Cycling: Grasslands contribute to nutrient cycling and soil fertility, which indirectly benefit forest ecosystems. Grasses have extensive root systems that can penetrate deep into the soil, accessing nutrients and cycling them back into the ecosystem. When grasses die and decompose, they release nutrients back into the soil, making them available for other plants, including forest trees. The nutrient-rich soils in grasslands, in turn, support the growth of healthy forests when the conditions are suitable for forest establishment.

Herbivory and Seed Dispersal: Grazing animals, such as ungulates (e.g., deer, antelope, and bison), are common in grasslands. These herbivores play a significant role in maintaining the grassland structure and preventing the encroachment of forests. They preferentially graze on grasses and other herbaceous plants, controlling their growth and preventing them from outcompeting tree saplings. Additionally, many herbivores consume seeds from grassland plants and disperse them through their droppings. This process aids in seed dispersal and colonization of forest species in suitable habitats, contributing to the expansion and regeneration of forest ecosystems.

Ecotones and Edge Effects: Grasslands often form ecotones, which are transitional zones between different ecosystems, such as grasslands and forests. These ecotones create unique habitats that support a diverse range of species adapted to both grassland and forest environments. The edge effects at the boundaries between grasslands and forests, such as increased light penetration and microclimate variations, promote biodiversity and provide ecological niches for specialised plant and animal species.

Ecosystem Connectivity: Grasslands can act as corridors and connectivity pathways between fragmented forest ecosystems. They provide linkages for wildlife movement, enabling gene flow, dispersal of seeds, and migration of animals between forested areas. This connectivity is vital for maintaining genetic diversity, population resilience, and the overall health and functioning of forest ecosystems.

Grasslands have intricate ecological relationships with forest ecosystems. They contribute to maintaining the balance between grasslands and forests, support nutrient cycling, provide important habitat transitions, and facilitate connectivity between forested areas. 

Protecting and conserving grasslands is essential for the long-term health and sustainability of forest ecosystems and this is where our efforts at Beforest Collective lie too. Each of our 100+ acre collectives has unique grassland ecosystems, some of which we are trying to conserve like the Shola Grasslands of the Poomaale 1.0 and Poomaale 2.0 Collectives in Coorg, and the Deccan Thorn Scrub Forests in the Hyderabad Collective. Besides conservation, we are trying to restore the landscape through natural farming methods and growing a food forest where edible grasses like rice (annual) and lemongrass (perennial) have been an integral part of the farm planning as they are instrumental in driving a forest ecosystem through ecological succession.

An aerial view of the Shola Grasslands of the Poomaale Estate in Coorg.

All the Beforest Collectives are different from each other, each unique in its own way. There are lush rainforests at the Poomaale Collective, Coorg and there are tropical scrublands in the dry and rocky Hyderabad Collective. Having 100+ acres of land in each of our Farming Collectives not just helps us to make use of the abundant natural resources efficiently, but also allows us to explore micro landscapes within estates. We witnessed this diversity of landscapes in our first Wilderness Collective – the Poomaale Estate. Nestled in the heart of the Western Ghats, it is full of flowing streams, wetlands, perennial trees, coffee forests, rich biodiversity and the most intriguing of all, the Shola Grasslands.

The presence of Shola Grasslands on our estate fills us with joy, pride and a feeling of responsibility to conserve them as they have been shrinking for the past century due to numerous overlapping reasons. Here’s all you need to know about these unique grasslands of the southern Western Ghats, how they have evolved over the years and what we can do to preserve this natural heritage.

What are Shola Grasslands?

Sholas, derived from the Tamil word ‘Solai’ meaning tropical rainforest, are unique tropical montane forests endemic to the Western Ghats of India. Spread variably in the states of Maharashtra, Goa, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Southern Karnataka, Shola forests or grasslands are characterized by their rolling grasslands adorned with a variety of grasses, evergreen vegetation and stunted trees. They are now part of a forest ecosystem that is older than humans! Studies have shown that these grassland patches have existed for more than 20,000 years.

Shola forests and grassland are found at elevations exceeding 1500 metres and possess distinct ecological characteristics. They have a remarkably high water retention capacity and act as colossal sponges that release water gradually, becoming an important source for the rivers of South India. 

Are Shola Grasslands & Shola Forests Different from Each Other?

Shola grasslands and Shola forests are distinct components of the same ecosystem found in the Western Ghats. Shola grasslands refer to the upper portion of the Shola ecosystem, characterized by grassy meadows. On the other hand, Shola forests are found at higher elevations within this ecosystem. They can be observed in various regions including the Nilgiris, Annamalais, Coorg, Wayanad, Babu Budangiri, Satara, and Kudremukha.

The ratio of Shola forests to grasslands is approximately 1:5, indicating that Shola grasslands cover a larger area compared to Shola forests within the ecosystem. A fascinating (and mysterious) aspect of Shola forests is the presence of Himalayan plants like rhododendron. Paleobotanical studies hypothesize that these plants are remnants of vegetation that migrated to South India during the Quaternary Ice Age, around 2.6 million years ago, due to subsequent changes in the tropical climate of South India. This further goes to show the extent of complexity of these ecological zones.

Colonisation & Sholas

The history of Sholas is intertwined with the impacts of colonization on both the social and natural ecosystems of India. During the colonial period, these unique Shola grasslands were viewed merely as unproductive lands, leading to experimental plantations and the introduction of exotic species. The British introduced species such as eucalyptus, acacia, pine, Sticky Snakeroot, Gorse, and Scotch Broom from Australia, primarily for their economic interests. Tea plantations in this majorly coffee-growing zone were also introduced during the same time. Unfortunately, these introduced species have rapidly spread and encroached upon the grasslands, gradually overshadowing their natural composition.

Originally, the Shola grasslands covered approximately 87% of the plateau, but today they exist only in small, spread-out, isolated pockets. The cultivation of tea, wattle, and eucalyptus has significantly diminished the extent of the Shola forest-grassland ecosystem. This reduction in the natural Shola vegetation has resulted in the loss and fragmentation of this unique ecosystem, negatively impacting its biodiversity and ecological integrity.

Ecological Significance of Shola Grasslands

The ecological significance of Shola grasslands is multifaceted and crucial for the sustainability of the region. These grasslands serve as vast water storage units in hilly areas, accumulating and retaining significant amounts of water. They have been vital in the origination of many perennial rivers; however, the depletion of Sholas has led to the drying up of these rivers during the summer season. The grasslands play a pivotal role in providing a consistent water supply for both human and wildlife populations by effectively harvesting rainwater and maintaining abundant reserves. This unique function has earned them the names “nature’s water towers” or “overhead water tanks,” as they are the originators of rivers. The ecosystem’s health directly impacts the livelihoods and survival of both hill and plain communities.

Shola grasslands are renowned for their rich biodiversity, serving as habitats for numerous unique species, including several endemics. Notably, they are home to the Nilgiri Tahr, the sole mountain goat species found in South India. These ecosystems also host many undiscovered species, highlighting their potential as sources of new scientific knowledge. 

Biodiversity of Shola Grasslands

Sholas exhibit remarkable biodiversity, showcasing a diverse range of flora and fauna. These unique ecosystems are home to a plethora of species, including orchids, tigers, leopards, frogs, snakes, and critically endangered species like the lion-tailed macaques. Sholas also provide habitat for large land mammals such as Asiatic elephants (one of the most social animals on the planet), Indian gaur, Sambar deer, spotted deer, tigers, leopards, and black leopards. Camera traps installed in the Shola forests aid in identifying biodiversity and tracking the movement patterns of these species.

Reptiles and amphibians hold a special place within the wildlife of Sholas. The grasslands and forests are also home to the “big four” Indian snakes, including the King Cobra, which is the world’s largest venomous snake. The presence of these snakes also reveals a lot about the health of a forest. Among the amphibians, the Indigo Bush frog stands out, being exclusively found in the Shola grasslands of the Western Ghats. The streams of Sholas also support unique frog species, such as the Dancing frogs.

The vegetation of Sholas is equally diverse, featuring a variety of orchids and the famous Neelakurinji flowers that bloom only once in 12 years! These ecosystems also attract a wide range of bird species, both small and large. Songbirds like bulbuls, birds of prey like raptors and even gregarious birds like the bee-eaters happily call the Shola forests their home.

Threats to Shola Grasslands & Shola Forests

Shola grasslands and forests face several threats that jeopardize their existence and ecological balance. Over the last century, the Shola grasslands experienced a significant decline, shrinking by 66.7%. The expansion of plantations featuring exotic species in the Nilgiris poses a grave risk to the native Shola vegetation. Invasive species further exacerbate the threat to Shola grasslands and forests, disrupting their natural composition and functions.

The loss of Shola grasslands not only results in the depletion of water resources in the region but also increases the likelihood of landslides. These grasslands are becoming increasingly fragmented, limiting their ability to support diverse and healthy ecosystems. The local endemic species, such as the Nilgiri pipit, face a threat to their habitat and survival due to the loss of Shola vegetation.

Expanding agricultural activities in Kerala and Tamil Nadu have encroached upon significant portions of Shola forests. Forest fires also pose a risk, as they stunt the undergrowth and promote the spread of invasive grasses and weeds. Additionally, tourist activities in popular destinations like Ooty, Munnar, and Ponmudi contribute to the pressure on Shola ecosystems.

Why is it Necessary to Conserve the Shola Grasslands & Shola Forests?

The restoration of Shola vegetation is a challenging task due to the specific requirements of Shola seedlings, which thrive under shade rather than in open grasslands. Once the Shola vegetation disappears from its original habitat due to factors like climate change and invasive growth, it becomes extremely difficult to reintroduce and revive it.

The loss of Sholas also entails the loss of undiscovered species that remain hidden within these unique ecosystems. As habitats shrink, countless species that could have contributed to our understanding of biodiversity may never be discovered.

Moreover, the significance of Sholas extends beyond their ecological value. They serve as the source of rivers, which provide freshwater to those residing in the plains. If the Sholas are eradicated, the loss of these ecosystems would also mean the loss of the essential water sources on which countless lives depend.

Can the Lost Shola Grasslands be Brought Back?

Restoring the lost Shola grasslands is a complex challenge with no easy solution. Removing plantations that have replaced the grasslands may seem like a potential solution, but clear-felling these plantations poses ecological problems of its own. Once a plantation is manually cleared, the land becomes susceptible to weed infestation, and invasive species like eucalyptus and pine tend to proliferate even more densely than before. This makes the revival of grasslands extremely difficult, even with dedicated efforts. Thus, it is crucial to prevent further encroachment of plantations into the Sholas by leaving existing plantations undisturbed.

In contrast, the grasslands thrive when left untouched, as they are remarkably self-sustaining ecosystems with a higher species diversity. Preserving the remaining 15% of the grasslands becomes a critical priority. Conservation efforts are not just a necessity but also a responsibility to ensure the inheritance of these beautiful landscapes for future generations. By safeguarding and protecting these ecosystems, we can fulfil our obligation to preserve the unique and invaluable Shola grasslands.

Shola grasslands are a significant part of the wilderness zone in the Poomaale Estate, Coorg. You can explore the richness of these landscapes too with a trip to Poomaale and a stay at the environment-friendly Blyton Bungalow. 

Technology. A boon to humankind that is currently driving the world. Tech innovations have been causing an exponential transformation in our lifestyles. From our fingertips to outer space – its presence has been scrolling and hovering, taking new shapes every day. But, if used unbefittingly, it can turn into a bane, with a very thin line of isolation. 

We at Beforest believe in walking hand-in-hand with technological innovations and have been constantly applying them to our forest-friendly collectives. When working with large chunks of land (100 Ac+), some operations can take a long time to execute, like clearing the land, hydrology studies, contour mapping and surveying, to name a few. We are at the initial stages of farm operations at the Poomaale 2.0 Collective, our new wilderness collective in Coorg. The land survey of the 100-acre estate was estimated to take a few weeks to complete. But being the tech lovers that we are, we decided to go carry out the survey of the diverse landscape with LiDAR.

What is LiDAR?

LiDAR stands for Light Detection and Ranging. It is a remote-sensing technology that uses laser light to measure and map the physical features of the environment. LiDAR systems emit laser pulses that bounce off objects and return to a sensor, which then calculates the distance between the objects and the sensor based on the time it took for the laser to travel to the object and back. This information can be used to create detailed 3D maps and models of the environment, which can be helpful in various applications such as self-driving cars, archaeology, forestry, and urban planning.

How is LiDAR Technology Used in Surveying?

LiDAR technology is used extensively in surveying because it provides highly accurate and detailed information about the terrain and topography of a given area. Surveyors use LiDAR to collect data on elevation, slope, and other features of the land to create accurate maps and models for a variety of applications.

In surveying, LiDAR is typically mounted on an aircraft or drone, and the laser beams are directed towards the ground. The sensor then measures the time it takes for the laser to bounce back to the aircraft, allowing it to create a precise 3D map of the terrain. This data can be used to identify the location and elevation of different features such as buildings, roads, trees, and bodies of water, which is then used to create detailed topographic maps and other surveying products.

LiDAR technology is instrumental in areas that are difficult or dangerous to access, such as mountainous regions or remote areas with thick vegetation. By providing accurate and detailed information about the land, LiDAR can help surveyors and other professionals make informed decisions about land use, infrastructure planning, and natural resource management.

What equipment is used in LiDAR Surveying?

LiDAR surveys typically require specialized equipment for data collection and processing. The main equipment used in a LiDAR survey includes:

LiDAR sensor: This is the core component of the system, which emits laser pulses towards the ground and measures the time it takes for them to bounce back, creating a precise 3D map of the terrain. LiDAR sensors can be mounted on aircraft, drones, or ground-based vehicles.

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS): GNSS equipment is used to precisely locate the LiDAR sensor and the aircraft or drone carrying it. This allows the LiDAR data to be accurately geo-referenced, which is essential for creating accurate topographic maps.

Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU): IMUs are used to measure the position, velocity, and orientation of the LiDAR sensor and the aircraft or drone carrying it. This information is used to create accurate 3D models of the terrain.

Control Points: Control points are markers placed on the ground with known coordinates, which are used to calibrate and validate the LiDAR data.

Data processing software: Specialized software is used to process the raw LiDAR data collected during the survey and convert it into accurate topographic maps, digital terrain models, and other survey products.

Overall, LiDAR surveys require a range of specialized equipment to collect and process accurate and detailed data about the terrain and topography of a given area.

How is LiDAR Surveying Carried Out?

LiDAR surveys typically involve the following steps:

Planning: The survey team determines the area to be surveyed, identifies the objectives of the survey, and decides on the equipment and data collection methods to be used.

Data Collection: LiDAR equipment is installed on an aircraft or drone, which then flies over the survey area while emitting laser pulses towards the ground. The sensor measures the time it takes for the pulses to bounce back, creating a precise 3D map of the terrain.

Data Processing: The raw data collected by the LiDAR equipment is processed using specialized software, which filters out any noise or extraneous data and creates a point cloud representing the surveyed area. The point cloud is then used to create a digital terrain model, which shows the elevation and contours of the terrain.

Data Analysis: The digital terrain model and other survey products are analyzed by the survey team to identify features such as buildings, roads, trees, and bodies of water. This information is used to create detailed topographic maps and other surveying products, which are then used to make informed decisions about land use, infrastructure planning, and natural resource management.

Overall, LiDAR surveys provide highly accurate and detailed information about the terrain and topography of a given area, making them a valuable tool for a wide range of applications, including land surveying, urban planning, and natural resource management.

We are currently at the Data Collection stage in the LiDAR survey process of the Poomaale 2.0 Collective in Coorg. Nestled amidst the Western Ghats, the landscape is full of flowing streams and lush greens. Hence, drone survey acts as an effective way of carrying out a topographic survey of the landscape. We are looking forward to carrying out the next steps of the survey process.

Our forest-friendly collectives are grounds for innovative farming methodologies and sites for biodiversity sightings. At the Hyderabad Farming Collective, we recently got the chance to see a bee hive forming at the estate. However, the honey bee colony that gathered on the tree branches in our tree nursery did not stay around for very long. It was perhaps a moment captured in the process of their nest selection or the demise of the Queen bee that led to the dispersal of the hive. The appearance (and disappearance) of the beehive made us wonder about they collective behaviour of honey bees, why they come together and how they make a home in the wild world.

Nests of Honey

Honeybee hives are the nests or homes of honeybees, which are social insects that live in highly organized and cooperative groups. The hive is constructed using beeswax, which the bees produce from glands on their abdomen, and it serves as a shelter for the colony, as well as a place to store honey, pollen, and brood. The hive is divided into various sections, each with its own purpose and designated to be occupied by different members of the colony. For example, the queen bee resides in a separate area called the “queen cell,” while the worker bees attend to the daily tasks of foraging, collecting nectar and pollen, caring for the young, and maintaining the hive’s cleanliness. The organization and functioning of a honeybee hive is a remarkable example of social behavior in the animal kingdom.

Why Are Beehives Formed?

Beehives are formed by honeybees as a means of providing a safe and organized living space for their colony. Honeybees are social insects that live in large groups, and the hive serves as a central location for them to carry out their daily activities, including gathering nectar and pollen, caring for the young, and producing honey. The hive is also important for protecting the colony from predators and harsh weather conditions, as well as providing a place for the queen bee to lay her eggs. Honeybees are highly organized and work together to construct and maintain the hive, which is made of beeswax and consists of various sections with specific purposes. In summary, beehives are formed by honeybees as a way of creating a secure and functional environment for their colony to thrive.

Ecological Significance of Bees

Bees and beehives play an essential ecological role in pollination and maintaining the biodiversity of ecosystems.

Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the male to the female part of a flower, which results in the fertilization and production of seeds. Besides butterflies and moths, Bees are one of the most important pollinators, and they contribute to the reproduction of over 85% of flowering plants and 75% of global food crops. This makes bees crucial for maintaining the genetic diversity of plant populations and ensuring food security for humans and other animals.

Beehives also serve as a habitat for many other species, including mites, beetles, and other insects, which contribute to the overall health and biodiversity of ecosystems. Additionally, honeybees are important indicators of environmental health, as they are highly sensitive to changes in the environment, such as pollution and climate change.

In summary, bees and beehives play a vital role in maintaining the health and biodiversity of ecosystems by contributing to pollination, providing habitat for other species, and serving as indicators of environmental health.

Types of Bees in a Beehive

Queen Bee: The queen bee is the largest bee in the colony and is responsible for laying eggs. She is the only bee in the hive capable of reproducing and can lay up to 2,000 eggs per day during the peak season.

Worker Bees: Worker bees are the smallest bees in the hive and make up the majority of the colony. They are responsible for a variety of tasks, including caring for the young, foraging for food, and maintaining the hive. Worker bees are female and are not capable of laying eggs.

Drone Bees: Drone bees are larger than worker bees and are male. They have no stingers and do not collect food or pollen. Their primary purpose is to mate with the queen bee. The drone bees typically die shortly after mating or are expelled from the hive at the end of the breeding season.

Each type of bee has a specific role within the hive and works together to ensure the survival and success of the colony.

Selection of the Beehive Site

Bees select a site for a hive based on several factors, including:

Bees prefer a location that is easily accessible for foraging flights to nearby sources of nectar and pollen. The location also needs to provide shelter to the hive from harsh weather conditions such as wind, rain, and extreme temperatures. Security from predators is another major factor in nest selection. Orientation of the site matters too. Bees prefer a site that is south-facing, as it allows the hive to receive maximum sunlight and warmth. And last but not the least, bees need sufficient space for the colony to grow and expand, with room for brood rearing, honey storage, and movement of the bees.

Once bees have identified a suitable location for a hive, they will begin the process of building the hive and establishing the colony. Swarm clusters may also form around objects that bees deem suitable, and then scout bees will be sent out to search for the best possible nesting location. The scout bees will evaluate potential sites and return to the swarm to communicate their findings through a waggle dance. This allows the swarm to reach a consensus on the best location for the hive.

We are yet to analyse the reason behind the disappearance of the honey beehive from the Hyderabad Collective and may come to a conclusion soon after consultation from apiculturists.

Threats to Bees and Beehives

Habitat loss: As natural habitats are destroyed, bees lose their food sources and nesting sites. This can lead to a decline in bee populations and threaten the pollination of crops and other plants.

Pesticides: The use of pesticides can have a toxic effect on bees and their ability to forage, navigate, and reproduce. Pesticides can also contaminate the bees’ food sources, such as nectar and pollen.

Climate change: Climate change can impact the availability of flowering plants and disrupt the timing of bee emergence and reproduction. It can also lead to changes in weather patterns, which can affect the bees’ ability to forage and survive.

Parasites & diseases: Bees can be susceptible to various parasites and diseases, such as varroa mites and colony collapse disorder, which can cause significant declines in bee populations.

Human intervention: Human activities such as the destruction of habitats, excessive honey harvesting, and the use of non-native species can have negative impacts on bee populations.

These threats can have severe consequences for bees and their role in pollination and ecosystem health. It is essential to take measures to protect bees and their habitats, such as reducing pesticide use, creating pollinator-friendly habitats, and supporting sustainable beekeeping practices.

We at Beforest are in constant talks with experts to bring apiculture to our farming collectives. The sighting of a beehive at the Hyderabad Farming Collective indicates that there’s potential for apiculture and beekeeping in our food forest, are we are working on finding sustainable ways of implementing it.

A line of ants in activity at night time. Shot at the Poomaale Collective, Coorg.

Homes, neighbourhoods, civilisations – they’re not just limited to humans, but a variety of animals too. Some homes of animals are clearly visible – like a bird’s nest or honeycombs. And some might not be visible right away (add examples). Ants’ nests, however, can be spotted easily – anthill being the common visible form. 

Ants reside in groups. 

You may consider them as pests, but the way their ‘societies’ function is pretty intriguing. You may have come across lines of ants, carrying sweet crumbles or lifting unbelievable amounts of weights. But have you ever taken the time to observe their lifestyle?

Extremely disciplined and natural self-starters, these tiny creatures have a lot to learn from. Diligent, hardworking team players, they don’t let their size define their ability to build. Maintaining strict queues, communicating clearly with their antennae, and helping their colonies by foraging and passing food – come rain or sun, they exemplify a self-disciplined lifestyle and show us what is possible when we work collectively. Read on to discover how ants organise themselves into societies and built their neighbourhoods.

What are Ant Colonies & Anthills?

An ant colony is a physical as well as social structure of ants. It is like their neighbourhood. Different types of ants are organised in different roles to propagate and protect their colony. anthills are the naturally built structures that house ant colonies. They’re the exterior protection to the complex social network of an ant colony, and mark the entrance to this fascinating world of ants. 

Ants are known for living in anthills, but not all ants choose to live in this type of habitat. In fact, some ants make their homes in unique locations such as crevasses in walls or underground colonies. Army ants take it a step further and even build nests to protect their queen. These ants may not be the most common, but they demonstrate the diverse and adaptable nature of ant colonies.

For the ants that do build anthills, many different species create these structures. Formica ants, yellow meadow ants, fire ants, harvester ants, and more are among the types of ants that construct these impressive homes. Formica ants, in particular, are known for building the largest anthills with heights of up to 2.5 meters and circumferences of 20 meters.

While we may think of anthills as being exclusive to ants, they are actually home to a variety of other creatures as well. Predators such as beetles and other insects like greenflies also live within these structures, taking advantage of the safety and resources that the ants have created. With many tiny entrances and a complex network of tunnels, an anthill provides a thriving ecosystem for a multitude of organisms.

Purpose of an Anthill

The primary purpose of an anthill is to protect the queen and the larvae. Worker ants build the anthill by creating subterranean tunnels and carrying building materials on their backs. They carefully control the temperature and climate of the nest by moving the brood to the most suitable part of the hill depending on the external climate. Ants prefer warmth and build their hills in a way that generates heat from the sun and conserves heat for when the sun sets, thus creating a clever solution for climate control.

Ants choose strategic locations to build their homes, such as between tree roots, under rocks, and inside tree logs, to provide shelter and protection from predators. They also need a location with a source of food nearby. Ant hills have solid outer structures that provide better protection, and the location is oriented in the direction with the most sunlight to protect them from the harsh sun.

Structure of an Ant Colony

Ant colonies have a well-structured system to function effectively. They can become defensive against predators and attack other ant species from other colonies to protect their colony.

The ant colony consists of different types of ants, with specific roles to play. 

Queen Ant

The queen ant is the founder and leader of the ant colony. Her primary function is to populate the colony by laying thousands of eggs. The queen ant’s chamber is located deep within the colony, and they can live longer than others, up to 30 years. They have wings and are much larger than the average ant.

Swarmers

Also called flying ants or drones, swarmers are male ants whose only function is to mate with the queen. Once they have fulfilled their purpose, they die.

Worker Ants 

They are female ants that do not lay eggs. Their responsibilities include building, maintaining, and feeding the colony. They can live from a few weeks up to a year.

Brood

Also known as alates or reproductives, the brood is a collective term used for the offsprings of the queen. Once they mature, they swarm together to make new colonies.

Architecture of an Anthill

Ants are known for their impressive construction skills, and their anthills are no exception. The architecture of an anthill is fascinating, as it may appear random from the outside, but it is a meticulously planned and executed structure with many interconnected chambers for different purposes. They range in size, from a mere inch to over 10 feet in the wild, and every nest is unique. In fact, architects often take inspiration from anthills when constructing human structures.

Exterior of an Anthill

The exterior of an anthill looks like a mound or heap of sand with a crater-like depression in the centre. The soil crust often contains pebbles and stones to keep the chambers warm, and resin from trees can be found, which may act as an antibacterial.

Interiors of an Anthill

The interior of the anthill is a complex structure with many tunnels that connect numerous chambers of varying sizes. Each chamber serves a different purpose, including nurseries, food storage, and a place for worker ants to rest. Interestingly, worker ants move the larvae to rooms near the top of the anthill during the day to keep them warm, then move them to lower chambers at night to keep them safe.

Building Materials

Ants are practical creatures, so they use materials that they can carry easily to build their anthills, such as fine sand, dirt, clay, pine needles, and twigs. Twigs are used as reinforcement to keep the structure safe and protect them from harsh climates. Sometimes, they even bring seeds inside the anthill and let them sprout and grow, which acts as a great camouflage. Ants build anthills for the long term, so they make them as sturdy as possible from the beginning.

The Two Sides

An anthill has two parts, above ground and underground, and many ant species build more than one nest. Extra nests are called satellite nests and serve as a way to expand their territory. These nests can carry the queen, brood, or worker ants, but no satellite nesters are allowed into the mother colony. Ants meet other ants from different nests while foraging, but they don’t harm each other because they all belong to the same colony.

Lifespan of Anthills

Anthills, when built well, can have an impressive lifespan of up to hundreds of years. The average lifespan of an ant colony ranges from 1 to 30 years, depending on the species of ants. In some cases, ants live as long as their queen, or even longer. Fire ants, which are harmful to livestock and children, can live up to 7 years with the queen laying thousands of eggs every day. Carpenter ants, on the other hand, hollow out wood to build their nests, and their colonies can survive up to 5 years.

The size of the anthill is often indicative of the colony’s maturity. The larger the nest or mound, the more mature the colony. Fire ants are known for their ability to build super colonies, which are cooperative colonies of many nests working together, spanning miles. This is due to their impressive ability to build a nest quickly, with some fire ants being capable of building a nest within a day! Additionally, these colonies can support multiple queens.

Threats to Ant Colonies & Anthills

Ant hills are vulnerable to several predators such as beetles which burrow into the ant hill and prey on the larvae. Natural calamities like floods and erosion can destroy anthills too. Human activities and encroachments often disrupt their societies. If the ant hill gets damaged for any reason, the ants disperse and build a new nest at another location. 

Ants may lie at the bottom of the food chain but aren’t insignificant. Small yet fierce, they can collectively take down prey slightly bigger than themselves and can make their presence be felt through their articulate civilisations. Every creature has a role to play in the larger picture and we are constantly trying to decode these roles on our journey to forest-friendly sustainable living.

Birds of the same feather flock together. 

We’ve all grown up learning this in school through lessons and stories. While some feathered friends like to fly solo, birds living in groups or ‘flocks’ is a common occurrence. With the spring season came a rise in bird sightings at our Poomaale Collective in Coorg. Our farm team is blessed to wake up every day to the call of the Malabar whistling thrush, the orchestra of numerous bulbuls, or a cacophony of a group of bee-eaters!

Bee-eaters are one of those groups that display a strong attachment to their kind and are found to live in complex societies much like that of humans. Read on to know how these vibrant birds come together, operate and define their place in the ecological world.

Where to Spot and How to Identify Bee-eaters

Bee-eaters are small-to-medium-sized birds that belong to the Meropidae family. They are found across tropical and subtropical regions of Eurasia, Asia, Africa and Australia. They live in open habitats – open grasslands, scrublands, large openings in woodlands – and tend to prefer places with a lot of activity (along the rivers and junctions) as they offer opportunities for food gathering and nesting.

Worldwide there are over 20 bee-eater species, of which 6 are found in India alone. Their vibrant colours make them a hard-to-miss sight during your bird-watching sessions. In fact, you may find this bird casually during your walks in gardens or hikes in open green spaces. Their vibrant plumage resembles some birds from the order Coraciiformes (like kingfishers, rollers and hornbills) – and for this, they’re photographers’ and bird watchers’ favourite! The predominant colour is green – with patches of blue, red, ochre, yellow, brown and purple. In most species, both males and females display similar plumage, unlike in the case of other bird species where the male appears more flamboyant.

Specialist Predators

Well, it’s not too tough to guess what their favourite food is!

The name “bee-eater” comes from their specialised ability to catch bees, mid-flight, in their tiny, but strong beaks. More than a source of food and nutrition, bee-hunting seems to be a lifestyle for this species. They’re so quick in clutching their prey that they can hunt down over 200 bees in a day! Google a bee-eater, and you’re sure to find thousands of pictures with the bird flaunting its kill.

Though bees form a major part of their diet, they also feed on wasps, worms, ants, beetles and dragonflies. Preying on other flying insects seems to be a delightful hobby for these birds as they love to get a hold of their prey mid-flight and flaunt their unparalleled agility. You will often find them waiting patiently for an insect to fly in the vicinity of an open branch. Some even go to the lengths of showcasing themselves as flowers to attract bees, taking advantage of their vibrant plumage. Once they get a hold of their prey, they make use of tree branches or parts of barks to remove the exoskeleton and any stings by rubbing them against the tree’s parts. That’s how they seem to pass their day. However, on rare occasions, they can also be found foraging for small insects or lizards on the ground. 

The Touching Lives of Bee-eaters

Yes, literally. You will often find these birds huddling on an open branch, touching bodies and basking in the sun. They are highly gregarious creatures – meaning they love company and need a social support system to survive in the wild world. You will seldom find a bee-eater in solitary. The group dynamics is one of the most intriguing things about this species.

A typical ‘society’ of bee-eaters consists of male and female monogamous birds who have their own ‘clans’ that span generations. They are high-activity centres where you can hear a myriad of bird calls all at the same time – almost like a bustling neighbourhood. They recognise their family members and neighbours with their distinct calls.

With complex groups come complex relationships. Bee-eaters are no different. A colony of bee-eaters may contain up to 450 birds if the habitat can support it. Although monogamous in nature, bee-eaters are cooperative breeders. Single non-breeding bee-eaters aid pairs in breeding, while some bee-eaters are known to breed in solitary in their burrows. The ‘helpers’ assist the breeders in all aspects of breeding – from helping to dig the burrow and incubating eggs, to foraging food for the nestlings. The helpers also occasionally become the ‘wingman’ for the breeders and help them find suitable mates. Most of the time these helpers are close relatives – unpaired offspring, or non-breeding parents/grandparents.

Ecological & Cultural Significance of Bee-eaters

Beings birds, their main role in the ecological world is that of seed dispersal. Birds share a mutualistic relationship with trees, where trees provide them with shelter and, in return, bird helps them propagate and diversify by dispersing the seed of trees across regions. However, bee-eaters are primarily insectivorous. So they may not be as helpful as other fruit-eating birds, like the bulbuls, in dispersing seeds. 

Here’s a way bee-eaters help plants evolve. Just like many other birds, they help in pollination when they flock from garden to garden by carrying pollen on their feed or feathers. Although pollination may not be as accurate as that of bees or butterflies/moths, it still helps plants grow in beautiful ways. Additionally, the food habits of bee-eaters help keep the insect population in check and protect the trees from pest attacks. 

In some parts of the world, like the Mediterranean shores, bee-eaters are considered an invasive species as they end up feeding on a large number of honey bees on which apiculturists base their livelihoods. And in some other parts of the world, they’re considered a source of pride and come with cultural significance. The shifting notions about these social birds are an example of the complexity of their web of life, as well as the web of life we are all a part of, which is inevitably interdependent. The ecosystem can thrive when we realise that nature is a circle and not a line and that our chances of survival are higher together.

Elephants are majestic creatures that have captured the human imagination for centuries. From their incredible size and strength to their complex social behaviour, they are truly one of the most fascinating animals on the planet. What does the world of elephants look like and what are its roots? What is their cultural and ecological significance? Whether you’re a wildlife enthusiast or simply curious about these magnificent creatures, read on to go on a wild tour!

The Drift Between African & Asian Elephants

Elephants are native to Africa and Asia. African elephants are known to be the largest mammal living on land, with Asiatic elephants taking 2nd place. Although closely related, they are 2 distinct species with several differences in physical appearance and behaviour. Their relationship can be traced back to their ancient ancestors, who were once part of a single species that roamed across what is now Africa and Asia. Fossil evidence suggests that these elephants began to diverge into separate species around six million years ago as a result of continental drift.

Today, both species share similarities in terms of intelligence, social structures, and their crucial role in their ecosystems, they have evolved independently for millions of years and have distinct genetic differences. African elephants are larger and have larger ears, while Asian elephants have smaller ears and a more rounded forehead. African elephants see tusks in both males and females, while tusks are only found in males in Asiatic elephants. Despite these differences, both species face similar threats such as habitat loss and poaching. Overall, the relationship between African and Asian elephants is one of coexistence, as they occupy different geographic regions and play important roles in their respective ecosystems.

Elephants & India – An Ancient Connection

The Indian subcontinent is not only a marvellous cultural melting pot but also home to majestic wild creatures like the Asiatic elephants, Bengal tigers and rhinoceroses. About 60% of the Asiatic elephants are spread across the jungles of India. This residence has come through historic routes.

Elephants have been an integral part of Indian culture for centuries, with a rich history that spans from ancient warfare to modern-day recreation. They were once used in battles and for logging – tasks far from their natural calling. Remnants of this culture can still be found in certain parts of the country, where elephants are used to transport people for both practical and leisurely purposes. However, the coexistence between elephants and humans in India hasn’t always been harmonious. As human populations continue to expand into elephant habitats, many elephants are subject to harm and conflict. This ongoing issue serves as a stark reminder of the need for balance and respect between humans and animals.

On the other hand, there is a world in India where several tribes have been living in harmony with the forests and their inhabitants for generations. These tribes have formed close relationships with elephants and have learned to coexist in a mutually beneficial manner. Through their understanding and respect for the natural world, these communities have found a way to integrate themselves seamlessly into the environment, forming an important part of the delicate ecosystem.

Despite the contrasts between different aspects of Indian culture, one thing is clear: elephants are a vital part of the country’s heritage and identity. From ancient times to modern-day life, these majestic creatures continue to capture the hearts and imaginations of people across the country, reminding us of the importance of respecting and protecting the natural world.

Ecological Role of Elephants – The World is Their Garden 

Elephants are meant to live in forests because forests need them just as much for survival. All elephants are herbivorous and can eat over 100 kgs of food every day. They consume over 200 varieties of berries, fruits, leaves, roots and grasses. They travel in herds for hours a day consuming what the forest gives and dispersing the seeds in their lofty dung across forests. Their size and group movement alone helps in large-scale seed dispersal across regions, and across forests, promoting a far-reaching biodiversity. For all these reasons and more, they are a keystone species –  if they thrive, other species thrive, if they survive, others do too.

Social Behaviour of Elephants

Elephants are known for their complex social behaviour and their ability to form strong bonds with members of their herd. In a typical herd, led by a matriarch, female elephants will stay together for their entire lives, forming strong family units that are essential for survival. Male elephants, on the other hand, will leave the herd when they reach adolescence and will often join up with other male elephants to form their own groups.

Within the herd, elephants display a range of social behaviours, from tactile communication to vocalization and body language. They use their trunks to touch and explore one another, conveying information and establishing social bonds. They also use a range of vocalizations, from trumpeting calls to low-frequency rumbles, to communicate with one another. Overall, the social behaviour of elephants is an essential part of their survival and is crucial to the health and stability of their communities.

Corridors of Compassion

Live and let live – the simple rule elephants abide by. One can easily get lost in forests, but these creatures are intelligent. They make their own pathways with their massive strength and then stick to them in order to move safely from one place to another in their own gardens without disturbing the other garden dwellers including humans.

They have the power to wade through dense forests and leave behind clear trails that lead to waterholes and food, allowing other animals of the forest to survive, who in turn, have their own ecological roles to play. These pathways created by elephants are called elephant corridors and they efficiently connect natural regions. Any person who is aware of the life these majestic animals lead will steer clear of these corridors as elephants tend to move frequently through these lanes in large numbers.

Threats to the World of Elephants

The gender disparity among Indian elephants is a long-standing threat to the survival of the species, with only around 1000 of the estimated 27,000 elephants being bull elephants. Male elephants are especially vulnerable to poaching for their ivory, and this has gone as far to cause an evolutionary response, with more elephants being born tuskless to avoid poaching. The rapidly growing human population is also increasing the demand for infrastructure and development, leading to the fragmentation and destruction of elephant habitats. 

Studies show that the average home range of Asiatic elephants is 100-1000 sq.km while that of African elephants is 11-500 sq. km. The smaller and more fragmented the forests get, the farther elephants have to travel in search of food, further increasing the chances of human-animal conflict. Increasing home ranges are not a good indicator of the health of the forests and the wildlife of the region. 

This complex web of issues is slowly but steadily encroaching on the land that rightfully belongs to these creatures, leaving them with little space to survive and thrive. The extinction of these “mammoth” creatures would be catastrophic for the planet, with significant consequences for the ecosystems in which they play a crucial role.

We at Beforest are constantly trying to coexist with all the creatures of the forest. Our Poomaale Collective in Coorg is located in the heart of the Western Ghats, which is a biodiversity hotspot. Elephants corridors run through the estate and we find these noble creatures creating more paths every now and then as they visit the estate. We are grateful for having a home in a place full of potential for such beautiful phenomena to unfold. Our next wilderness collective, Poomaale 2.0 Collective, lies adjacent to the Poomaale Estate and shares many geophysical properties, including these corridors of compassion in the wilderness.