A night trap camera image of an Indian Leopard from the Wilderness Zone of the Poomaale Estate, Coorg

The Indian subcontinent boasts a remarkably diverse and thriving ecosystem with many flora and fauna. Throughout the country, one can find numerous species of birds, animals, insects, and other creatures, each adding to the high tapestry of biodiversity. From the lush evergreen jungles of southern India to the majestic snowcapped Himalayas, variations of the same species can are found in different geographical locations. Among the notable examples are the big 5 cats of India who have left their mark in all corners of the country – from the snow-capped Himalayas to the rainforests of southern India, from the dry jungles of Gujarat to the mystical Northeastern ranges.

These wild beings hold more than just ecological significance; they are integral to India’s rich history, culture, and heritage. Each species contributes to the country’s unique identity, with their presence intricately woven into the stories and traditions passed down through generations.

The Big 5 Cats of India & their Cultural Significance

1. Royal Bengal Tiger

The Bengal tiger is the most famous and iconic of all Indian big cats. It is the national animal of India and is found in various tiger reserves and national parks across the country. It was officially declared as such in 1972 to raise awareness about the importance of conserving this iconic species. As the national animal, the tiger represents the diversity and richness of India’s wildlife and symbolises strength, power, and beauty. In medieval times, Indian rulers, including kings and emperors, often used the tiger as an emblem on their coats of arms, banners, and architectural designs to showcase their authority and bravery.

Today, tigers remain a prominent subject in Indian art and literature documented throughout centuries. They are depicted in traditional paintings, sculptures, and poetry, showcasing their allure and mystery. Many classical Indian texts, including Sanskrit literature, mention tigers, adding to their cultural relevance. Throughout India, there are numerous folktales and stories featuring tigers. These tales often portray the tiger as a cunning and majestic creature, and they are passed down through generations, contributing to the tiger’s cultural importance in Indian society. Several tribal and even urban populations (like Bhopal) in the country greatly respect tigers and have been living side by side with them.

2. Asiatic Lion

The Asiatic lion holds great cultural significance in India, particularly in Gujarat, where it is primarily found in the Gir Forest National Park and surrounding areas. It serves as a symbol of pride and identity for the people of Gujarat and is also featured on the state’s emblem. 

Its presence in the country has been documented for centuries and is celebrated as an integral part of India’s biodiversity. Their significance dates back to Hindu Mythology. The goddess Durga, an important deity in Hinduism, is often depicted riding a lion, symbolising her fierce and protective nature. In Gujarat, the Asiatic lion is celebrated during festivals and events. For example, during the Navratri festival, which honours the goddess Durga, lion dances and performances are part of the cultural celebrations.

Like the Bengal Tiger, the Asiatic lion has historical associations with royalty and power. The Indian Emblem poses a 4-headed lion and can be found on currency coins, notes, sculptures, and artefacts, signifying its status as a symbol of authority. Once facing the threat of extinction, the population of Asiatic lions has seen a remarkable recovery due to dedicated conservation initiatives. 

3. Common Indian Leopard

Leopards have been a part of Indian folklore and mythology for centuries. Local stories and legends often depict them as powerful and mysterious creatures. In some regions, leopards are associated with deities or mythical beings, and their appearances in folklore reflect their enigmatic nature. They have been subjects of traditional Indian art, including paintings, sculptures, and other forms of artistic expression. Their image is often used to represent nature’s wild and untamed aspects.

The common leopard’s ability to adapt to various habitats has led to occasional encounters with humans, especially in areas where human settlements encroach upon their natural habitats. Such interactions have resulted in both fear and reverence for leopards among local communities. The leopard’s adaptability and resilience in the face of various environmental challenges have earned it a reputation as a symbol of survival and strength. 

4. Snow Leopard

As the name hints, the snow leopard dwells in the high-altitude areas of northern India, such as Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand. Considered a rare and mystical sighting, snow leopards in the Indian Himalayas have attracted wildlife enthusiasts and tourists worldwide. Their ability to thrive in harsh and extreme mountainous environments has made them a symbol of endurance and adaptability.

In the regions where snow leopards live, numerous folktales and myths feature these enigmatic cats. They are often depicted as mythical and mystical creatures, and local communities hold various beliefs about them. Some cultures consider the snow leopard to be a guardian spirit or a deity protecting the mountains and the people living in the area. In some regions, snow leopards are celebrated during local festivals and events, where they are featured in traditional dances, songs, and performances.

5. Clouded Leopard

The name comes from the patterns on its skin – leopard-like but more smudged. Clouded leopards live in the foothills of the Himalayas in India, especially in the Northeastern region. In some indigenous cultures of northeastern India, they are revered and hold a special place in the people’s beliefs and folklore. Some references to the animal can be found in native traditional songs, dances, and customs, reflecting its cultural significance to local communities.

The clouded leopard’s distinctive appearance has made it a subject of interest for local artisans in the region. It is sometimes depicted in traditional art, including paintings, textiles, and crafts. Its existence in the wild is valued and cherished as an integral part of the area’s natural heritage. 

Endangered Species

While the big wild cats are celebrated and respected for their vivacious nature, other social notions are attached to their acquisition. In some parts of Asia, there is a belief in traditional healing practices that parts of big cats have medicinal properties. The bones, skins, and other body parts of the big cats of India are erroneously believed to have healing powers and are sought for this purpose.

The skins of big cats are highly valued in the illegal fur and fashion industry. Their distinctive patterns and luxurious appearance make them desirable for creating expensive clothing items, accessories, and home decorations. Some poachers target big cats for their skins to produce trophies and collectible items for wealthy buyers. These items are often seen as status symbols and are illegally traded on the black market.

Icons of Wildlife Conservation

The big cats of India are all considered umbrella species, meaning that their conservation indirectly benefits numerous other species in its ecosystem. As endangered species, they have become a symbol of wildlife conservation efforts across India. Conservation initiatives to protect them have helped raise awareness about the need for sustainable practices and environmental protection.

International and local organisations and governments are working together to combat wildlife poaching, increase law enforcement efforts, raise awareness about the importance of conservation, and reduce demand for illegal wildlife products. Stricter laws, penalties, community engagement, and education are vital in curbing the illegal trade and protecting big cats and other endangered wildlife.

Amidst the overlapping conservation efforts, we at Beforest Collectives aim to lead a life coexisting with the wild by leaving more than 50% of our estates as no-intervention wilderness zones. It allows biodiversity to thrive and neutralises our carbon footprint through activities in the community zones. Partnerships with wildlife conservationists further help us assess the growth and movement of these creatures on our landscapes – a continuous learning and application in real-time.